Permaculture is a design philosophy and system for creating sustainable human environments by mimicking the patterns and relationships found in nature. The term combines “permanent” and “agriculture” (and later, “culture” ) and was coined by Bill Mollison and David Holmgren in the 1970s. Core Ideas Design with nature rather than against it. "Do as nature does" Work smarter, not harder by observing natural systems Create regenerative systems that produce more energy than they consume Key Principles Care for the Earth – regenerate soils, forests, and water systems Care for People – ensure access to resources for a good quality of life Fair Share – limit consumption and redistribute surplus Practical Applications Food forests – layered planting mimicking forest ecosystems Rainwater harvesting Composting and soil building Natural building techniques Polyculture and companion planting instead of monoculture Example Instead o...
Vertebrate pests—such as deer, rabbits, squirrels, groundhogs, voles, and birds—pose challenges distinct from those caused by insects or diseases. Unlike small pests, these animals can consume or damage large portions of plants quickly, often in a single feeding. Understanding their feeding habits, preferred foods, seasonal activity, and movement patterns is crucial. For example, deer may browse tender shoots in spring but strip bark in winter, while rodents are more active under snow cover or dense vegetation. Recognizing when and how each animal is most destructive helps in targeting control efforts for maximum effect. The Importance of Identification Effective control starts with knowing which species is responsible for the damage. Chewed stems, clipped shoots, stripped bark, burrow entrances, droppings, and tracks all offer clues. Misidentifying the culprit can waste time and money on the wrong countermeasures—for example, a fence built for rabbits won’t keep out deer, and repell...